{"id":1866,"date":"2017-11-28T18:47:30","date_gmt":"2017-11-28T18:47:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/quien-subsuelo-colombiano\/"},"modified":"2018-02-21T10:30:27","modified_gmt":"2018-02-21T10:30:27","slug":"quien-subsuelo-colombiano","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/quien-subsuelo-colombiano\/","title":{"rendered":"Qui \u00e9s qui al subs\u00f2l colombi\u00e0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rescato el llibre de la prestatgeria i fullejo les seves p\u00e0gines mentre busco entre els cap\u00edtols els fragments dedicats a Col\u00f2mbia. Em pregunto: Si Eduardo Galeano escriv\u00eds en 2017 “Les venes obertes d’Am\u00e8rica Llatina”, sobre qu\u00e8 versarien les l\u00ednies d’aquest pa\u00eds? En 1971, data de la primera edici\u00f3, el periodista i escriptor uruguai\u00e0 va recollir en el seu assaig l’explotaci\u00f3 bananera i del caf\u00e8 a m\u00e9s dels anys de viol\u00e8ncia entre 1948 i 1957. No obstant aix\u00f2, m’aventuro a pensar que a data d’avui les seves paraules anirien dirigides cap a l’extracci\u00f3 de minerals i hidrocarburs, el tamb\u00e9 anomenat “extractivismo”, o nou m\u00e8tode per dessagnar les terres colombianes.<\/p>\n

L’extractivismo \u00e9s un dels m\u00e9s greus problemes ambientals que assolen el pa\u00eds. Per aix\u00f2, una de les taules tem\u00e0tiques de l’IV Campament Ecol\u00f2gic de l’ACVC celebrat entre el 10 i 12 de novembre en el Pant\u00e0 de San Lorenzo (municipi de Cantagallo, Sud de Bol\u00edvar) es va centrar en aquest tema. Durant la jornada de treball en la qual es va tractar l’impacte d’aquests projectes miner-energ\u00e8tics, Franco Hern\u00e1n, coordinador de l’equip t\u00e8cnic de l’ACVC, va alertar de les nefastes conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies que poden tenir per a les terres, aig\u00fces i comunitats del Magdalena Mitj\u00e0 les exploracions mineres dutes a terme per transnacionals.<\/p>\n

Per\u00f2, quin \u00e9s el significat del concepte “extractivismo?” Segons l’historiador Ren\u00e1n Vega Cantor, l’extractivismo consisteix en l’explotaci\u00f3 de minerals i hidrocarburs, per\u00f2 no nom\u00e9s aix\u00f2, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 respon a “un model econ\u00f2mic i social en el qual els recursos d’un territori (mat\u00e8ria, energia, biodiversitat i for\u00e7a de treball) flueixen cap als centres dominants del capitalisme mundial”. A m\u00e9s, el conjunt d’activitats econ\u00f2miques que inclouen aquest model t\u00e9 derivacions socials, pol\u00edtiques, ideol\u00f2giques, culturals i fins i tot militars.<\/p>\n

Durant m\u00e9s d’una d\u00e8cada els governs colombians han promogut el creixement del sector extractiu i ho han implantat com a determinant en l’economia del pa\u00eds. Des del primer mandat d’\u00c1lvaro Uribe en 2002 van augmentar les concessions de t\u00edtols miners i, d’aquesta forma, es va generar una depend\u00e8ncia econ\u00f2mica cap a la inversi\u00f3 estrangera que ha continuat sota els executius de Juan Manuel Santos. L’informe d’EITI 2014 – 2015 (Iniciativa per a la Transpar\u00e8ncia de les Ind\u00fastries Extractives) mostra que el sector miner-energ\u00e8tic representa el 7% del PIB i al voltant del 50% de les exportacions del pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Encara que aquesta pr\u00e0ctica devastadora s’est\u00e9n per tota Llatinoam\u00e8rica, experts ambientalistas coincideixen a assenyalar el cas de Col\u00f2mbia com el m\u00e9s preocupant. En 2014 un equip internacional coordinat per investigadors de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona va crear el mapa Atles Global de Just\u00edcia Ambiental, una plataforma interactiva que recull els conflictes ambientals de tot el m\u00f3n. Quan es va publicar, Col\u00f2mbia registrava 72 casos, nom\u00e9s per darrere de l’\u00cdndia. Des d’aquesta data, s’ha produ\u00eft un increment i actualment la suma ascendeix a m\u00e9s de 110 casos en territori colombi\u00e0<\/p>\n

La tend\u00e8ncia ascendent guarda relaci\u00f3 amb el proc\u00e9s de pau. Segons assenyala l’ambientalista Tatiana Rosegui Avenda\u00f1o en el seu article Pax extractivista o pau amb just\u00edcia social i ambiental, al llarg de 2016, tant el president Santos, com a directius d’Ecopetrol i altres empreses han reiterat la import\u00e0ncia del desenvolupo petrolier en el postconflicto. Avenda\u00f1o recorda que el president de l’Associaci\u00f3 Colombiana de Petrolis Francisco Jos\u00e9 Lloreda Mera va manifestar, la mateixa setmana que se signava l’Acord de Pau entre el Govern i les FARC al setembre de 2016, que “el sector petrolier \u00e9s fonamental per garantir una pau estable i duradora”.<\/p>\n

Mobilitzaci\u00f3 ciutadana<\/p>\n

Enfront del model extractivista la mobilitzaci\u00f3 ciutadana s’ha convertit en una poderosa eina de protesta. Ja en 2013 es van celebrar dues consultes populars en els municipis de Piedras (Tolima) i Tauramena (Casanare). En tots dos casos m\u00e9s del 90% dels votants es va manifestar en contra d’un megaproyecto miner i de l’explotaci\u00f3 d’hidrocarburs als territoris. No obstant aix\u00f2, va anar a partir d’agost de 2016 quan la sentencia T-445\/2016 emesa per la Cort Constitucional va obrir una nova possibilitat. Aix\u00ed es recollia en la fallada: “Els ens territorials posseeixen la compet\u00e8ncia per regular l’\u00fas del s\u00f2l i garantir la protecci\u00f3 del medi ambient, fins i tot si en exercir aquesta prerrogativa acaben prohibint l’activitat minera”.<\/p>\n

En els \u00faltims mesos s’han multiplicat les iniciatives de les comunitats per expressar la seva disconformitat amb aquests projectes. El primer cas significatiu va ser en Cajamarca, un municipi del Tolima d’uns 22.000 habitants que va asseure un precedent a Col\u00f2mbia. Despr\u00e9s de m\u00e9s de vuit anys de baralla amb la multinacional Anglo Gold Ashanti per al projecte de la mina d’or La Colosa, el 26 de mar\u00e7 la ciutadania va ser convocada per respondre. Tan sols una pregunta necess\u00e0ria: “Est\u00e0 d’acord s\u00ed o no amb que en el municipi de Cajamarca s’executin projectes i activitats mineres?” La resposta, categ\u00f2rica: el 97,92% dels votants va contestar “NO”.<\/p>\n

A Cajamarca li van seguir altres municipis: Cumaral (Meta), Pijao (Quind\u00edo), Granada (Meta), Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda (Santander), Sucre i El Pe\u00f1on (Santander), Arbel\u00e1ez i Une (Cundinamarca). La llista continua. Segons destaca l’ambientalista Avenda\u00f1o, totes les consultes s’han guanyat i hi ha m\u00e9s de 40 en tr\u00e0mit. Els megaproyectos extractius, per tant, no reben el perm\u00eds de la gent, encara que les autoritats estatals desoeixen els resultats i si que presten el seu suport a aquestes ind\u00fastries.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ramo de Santurb\u00e1n<\/p>\n

El cas del P\u00e1ramo de Santurb\u00e1n, situat entre els departaments de Santander i de Nord de Santander, ocupa aquests dies els peri\u00f2dics nacionals. La Cort Constitucional va tombar a principis de novembre la delimitaci\u00f3 de l’erm que es va establir en 2014 per poder emprendre un projecte extractiu. La fallada diu que la delimitaci\u00f3 no \u00e9s v\u00e0lida perqu\u00e8 no es va tenir en compte l’opini\u00f3 de la comunitat.<\/p>\n

Amb una gran biodiversitat biol\u00f2gica i capacitat per proveir d’aigua a 2,2 milions de persones, la preservaci\u00f3 d’aquest ecosistema mant\u00e9 a ambientalistas i plataformes en defensa de l’aigua en un pols amb el govern i empreses transnacionals des de fa anys. En 2011, la canadenca Greystar pretenia engegar el projecte Estretors per a l’explotaci\u00f3 aur\u00edfera, no obstant aix\u00f2, la multitudin\u00e0ria marxa celebrada en Bucaramanga contra la llic\u00e8ncia ambiental va aconseguir que retir\u00e9s la seva sol\u00b7licitud. M\u00e9s tard, Greystar es va convertir en Eco Oro i despr\u00e9s va venir Minesa SA, d’origen saudita.<\/p>\n

L’alcalde de Bucaramanga, Rodolfo Hern\u00e1ndez, pret\u00e9n recol\u00b7lectar 500.000 signatures en contra de la mineria en l’erm. Aquesta iniciativa se sumeixi al treball del Comit\u00e8 per la Defensa de Santurb\u00e1n i a la ciutadania bumanguesa que no dubta a sortir als carrers a cada nou envit. A m\u00e9s, la Procuradur\u00eda ha demanat a la Unesco que declari els erms de Col\u00f2mbia Patrimoni Natural de la Humanitat per frenar l’explotaci\u00f3 extractivista. No obstant aix\u00f2, el suport per salvaguardar l’erm es contraposa a les decisions del Govern. Recentment el ministre de Mines, Germ\u00e1n Arce, va visitar Emirats \u00c0rabs per reunir-se amb accionistes del projecte Minesa i va assegurar que l’Ag\u00e8ncia Nacional de Mineria ja va aprovar el pla de treball, nom\u00e9s falta esperar la llic\u00e8ncia ambiental.<\/p>\n

En aquest manido David contra Goliat, l’embranzida de les comunitats en les seves eternes lluites contra els governs i les megues-trans-multis empreses aconseguir\u00e0 preservar una vegada m\u00e9s Santurb\u00e1n. Perqu\u00e8 no es realitzin m\u00e9s exploracions agressives, perqu\u00e8 no m\u00e9s explotacions salvatges devastin la terra.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e0cies a l’IV Campament Ecol\u00f2gic de l’ACVC des de IAP podem amb prou feines con\u00e8ixer la problem\u00e0tica que comporta per a les comunitats un subs\u00f2l carregat de riquesa. Pinso en el m\u00e0gic vesprejar que es contempla des de la barca en el Pant\u00e0 de San Lorenzo. Si m’apropio d’expressions colombianes, em sento no nom\u00e9s una privilegiada, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 alguna cosa “bene\u00efda” per poder presenciar-ho. Sobre les t\u00e8bies aig\u00fces la llum es descompon i l’arcoiris es posa sobre la superf\u00edcie. No es pot tolerar que facin dels s\u00f2ls sobre els quals s’assenta tanta bellesa un formatge gruyer i que per aqu\u00ed es coli tota la riquesa d’aquests territoris.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Extractivismo<\/a>

Posta de sol al Pant\u00e0 de Sant Lorenzo (Marta Saiz)<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rescato el llibre de la prestatgeria i fullejo les seves p\u00e0gines mentre busco entre els cap\u00edtols els fragments dedicats a Col\u00f2mbia. Em pregunto: Si Eduardo Galeano escriv\u00eds en 2017 “Les venes obertes d’Am\u00e8rica Llatina”, sobre qu\u00e8 versarien les l\u00ednies d’aquest pa\u00eds? En 1971, data de la primera edici\u00f3, el periodista i escriptor uruguai\u00e0 va recollir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1662,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[36,108,188,167,111,37,71,189,190,168],"class_list":["post-1866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies","tag-acvc","tag-acvc-ca","tag-extractivismo-ca","tag-extractivismo","tag-magdalena-medio-ca","tag-magdalena-medio","tag-mineria","tag-mineria-ca","tag-petroleo-ca","tag-petroleo"],"yoast_head":"\nQui \u00e9s qui al subs\u00f2l colombi\u00e0 - IAP | International Action For Peace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La movilizaci\u00f3n ciudadana intenta frenar el aumento del extractivismo en el pa\u00eds. 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