{"id":2458,"date":"2018-11-08T11:59:48","date_gmt":"2018-11-08T11:59:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/?p=2458"},"modified":"2018-11-08T15:34:57","modified_gmt":"2018-11-08T15:34:57","slug":"la-casa-del-tro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/la-casa-del-tro\/","title":{"rendered":"La Casa del Tro"},"content":{"rendered":"

Publicat originalment en el diari P\u00fablico el 5\/11\/2018.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Carb\u00f3, petroli, biodiversitat, aigua, frontera vene\u00e7olana, dos resguards ind\u00edgenes, tres moviments camperols, dues guerrilles en actiu, grups paramilitars i el segon municipi amb m\u00e9s hect\u00e0rees conreades de fulla de coca del pa\u00eds. Aix\u00ed \u00e9s el Catatumbo<\/strong>, una regi\u00f3 d’onze municipis pertanyent al departament de Nord de Santander.<\/p>\n

\u201cSempre ha estat una regi\u00f3 molt conflictiva<\/strong>. Dels 27 factors de risc que determina l’ONU per a Col\u00f2mbia, Catatumbo els t\u00e9 tots\u201d, destaca Holmer P\u00e9rez, directiu de l’Associaci\u00f3 Camperola del Catatumbo (ASCAMCAT). Des que es va signar l’acord de pau a la fi de 2016<\/a> amb les les Forces Armades Revolucion\u00e0ries de Col\u00f2mbia Ex\u00e8rcit del Poble (FARC-EP), m\u00e9s de 300 defensores i defensors de drets humans han estat assassinats en tot el pa\u00eds.<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cLa nostra aposta per la pau ens ha costat aquest any tres dirigents morts i desenes d’amenaces<\/strong>\u201d, confirma P\u00e9rez. \u201cEl Govern segueix anunciant m\u00e9s militaritzaci\u00f3 pel Catatumbo i la soluci\u00f3 hauria de ser una aposta pel di\u00e0leg\u201d, continua. A finals de juliol, en El Tarra, el municipi m\u00e9s militaritzat de la regi\u00f3<\/a>, uns homes encaputxats van assassinar en un bar a deu civils.<\/p>\n

Control del territori<\/strong><\/p>\n

Durant m\u00e9s de 50 anys han conviscut al Catatumbo tres guerrilles: FARC-EP<\/strong>; Ex\u00e8rcit d’Alliberament Nacional (ELN<\/strong>), guerrilla operativa des de 1964 en diversos departaments del pa\u00eds; i Ex\u00e8rcit Popular d’Alliberament (EPL<\/strong>), grup desmobilitzat al 1991 amb una dissid\u00e8ncia operativa a Nord de Santander, denominada pel Govern com la banda criminal Los Pelusos.<\/p>\n

Despr\u00e9s de la retirada de FARC-EP, ELN i EPL han volgut copar els territoris abandonats, incorrent en un conflicte armat obert entre els dos grups<\/a>, amb bombardejos constants a plena llum del dia i tocs de queda a la poblaci\u00f3, la qual cosa ha obligat a tancar establiments i prohibir el tr\u00e0nsit per les carreteres i centres poblats.<\/p>\n

\u201cEstem vivint una crisi humanit\u00e0ria que ha generat el despla\u00e7ament de m\u00e9s de 15.000 camperols a diferents cascos urbans i a 32 refugis humanitaris\u201d, constata Jhonny Abril, coordinador general d’ASCAMCAT. \u201cAvui la pagesia es prepara per a una resist\u00e8ncia al territori<\/strong>. S’ha reclamat i exigit al Govern que faci una reforma agr\u00e0ria i integral al pa\u00eds i que compleixi l’acord de pau\u201d, prossegueix.<\/p>\n

Davant aquesta crisi humanit\u00e0ria, la comunitat catatumbera, amb la uni\u00f3 de tots els moviments camperols i socials, va organitzar a l’abril, enmig de la restricci\u00f3, una caravana humanit\u00e0ria de m\u00e9s de cinc mil persones al municipi del Tarra, per assistir a un acte de den\u00fancia i rebuig al conflicte<\/a>. A l’esdeveniment va assistir Alberto Castilla, senador del partit Polo Democr\u00e1tico i capdavanter camperol del Comit\u00e8 d’Integraci\u00f3 Social del Catatumbo<\/a> (CISCA), que va declarar que la regi\u00f3 ja t\u00e9 massa problemes com per estar vivint una guerra innecess\u00e0ria entre ELN i EPL.<\/p>\n

\u201cA aquesta confrontaci\u00f3 l’hem denominat la guerra de la fam\u00edlia catatumbera. Persones de la mateixa sang lluitant entre elles<\/strong>\u201d, matisa P\u00e9rez despr\u00e9s d’escoltar el testimoniatge d’una mare de tres fills. La dona acabava d’enterrar a un d’ells, pertanyent a l’ELN i assassinat en els combats; un altre d’ells conforma les files del EPL i el tercer \u00e9s excombatent de les FARC-EP.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Acte de den\u00fancia i rebuig a El Tarra davant el conflicte d’ELN i EPL<\/p><\/div>\n

Moviment social camperol<\/strong><\/p>\n

Per\u00f2 la lluita pel control del territori no solament la mantenen les dues guerrilles, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 grups paramilitars<\/strong>. Encara que es van desmobilitzar oficialment al 2006, mitjan\u00e7ant la Llei de Just\u00edcia i Pau, encara queden reductes d’aquests grups als quals l’Estat denomina bandes criminals o Bacrim, que es disputen el control de les rutes del narcotr\u00e0fic i els cultius de fulla de coca.<\/p>\n

Segons l’informe Monitoratge de territoris afectats per cultius il\u00b7l\u00edcits 2017<\/a> de l’Oficina de les Nacions Unides contra la droga i el delicte (UNODC), al 2017 va augmentar la quantitat de fulla de coca conreada al pa\u00eds, un 17% respecte a l’any anterior. Nord de Santander \u00e9s el tercer departament amb m\u00e9s \u00e0rees conreades i entre els deu municipis colombians destaquen tres de la regi\u00f3 del Catatumbo: Tib\u00fa el segon, El Tarra el set\u00e8 i Sardinata el nov\u00e8.<\/p>\n

Aquest increment i la pressi\u00f3 del Govern d’Estats Units han incitat a les declaracions de l’Executiu d’Iv\u00e1n Duque sobre la possibilitat de tornar a l’eradicaci\u00f3 via a\u00e8ria amb glifosat<\/a>, suspesa a l’octubre de 2005. \u201cHi ha molta incertesa per la reactivaci\u00f3 de les fumigacions a\u00e8ries amb glifosat, pel dany que causa a altres cultius i a tot \u00e9sser viu que camini prop d’ells<\/strong>\u201d, destaca P\u00e9rez. A m\u00e9s, afirma que l’herbicida contaminaria el Riu Catatumbo que desemboca directament en el Llac Maracaibo de Vene\u00e7uela, fet que podria desembocar en una crisi entre pa\u00efsos.<\/p>\n

Els camperols i camperoles de Catatumbo, aix\u00ed com de tot el pa\u00eds, es veuen obligats a conrear fulla de coca, a causa de que les infraestructures i les condicions de la zona rural colombiana no els permeten sobreviure amb un altre tipus de cultiu<\/strong>. \u201cLa soluci\u00f3 no \u00e9s eradicar de manera for\u00e7ada i amb ver\u00ed, sin\u00f3 respectar i complir el punt quart dels acords de pau i el Programa Nacional Integral de Substituci\u00f3 de Cultius d’\u00das Il\u00b7l\u00edcit (PNIS)\u201d, defensa P\u00e9rez. En aquest pla no nom\u00e9s es visualitza una substituci\u00f3 amb garanties, sin\u00f3 la millora d’infraestructures per poder treure el producte i viure d’aix\u00f2. Gaireb\u00e9 dos anys despr\u00e9s de la signatura de l’acord i amb moltes hect\u00e0rees de fulla de coca ja arrencades per la pagesia, l’Estat no ha complert i el proc\u00e9s est\u00e0 estancat.<\/p>\n

\"Catatumbo\"<\/a>

Cultius de fulla de coca al Catatumbo<\/p><\/div>\n

En tot el pa\u00eds s’est\u00e0 amena\u00e7ant i assassinant a representants de la Coordinadora Nacional de Conreadors de Fulla de Coca, Rosella i Marihuana <\/a>(COCCAM) que promou a les regions la substituci\u00f3 volunt\u00e0ria i el compliment del PNIS. Per\u00f2 la disputa no solament recau en el narcotr\u00e0fic, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 en els recursos naturals, com el control de l’oleoducte Ca\u00f1o Lim\u00f3n Cove\u00f1as, que va des del departament d’Arauca fins a Sucre, passant per la zona de Catatumbo. Tamb\u00e9 hi ha conflicte quant al monocultiu de palma i l’extracci\u00f3 del carb\u00f3 per part de multinacionals<\/strong>. \u201cVolen construir la mina m\u00e9s gran de Llatinoam\u00e8rica a cel obert, superant la del Cerrej\u00f3n<\/a>, a La Guajira. El que seria un desastre natural\u201d, matisa P\u00e9rez.<\/p>\n

La lluita per la defensa dels drets camperols del Catatumbo l’encap\u00e7alen tres organitzacions socials: Moviment per la Constituent Popular (MCP), CISCA i ASCAMCAT, aquesta \u00faltima, la que m\u00e9s influ\u00e8ncia t\u00e9 a la regi\u00f3. Fundada al 2005 fruit d’una operaci\u00f3 militar de l’Ex\u00e8rcit amb captures i persecucions a la pagesia, han creat figures de protecci\u00f3 i defensa del territori, com els refugis humanitaris<\/strong>, amb l’objectiu que la pagesia no es desplaci cap a fora de la regi\u00f3, i la Gu\u00e0rdia Camperola, autoritat que evita les violacions dels Drets Humans per l’ab\u00fas del paper estatal i els seus agents, de forma dialogada, humanit\u00e0ria i pac\u00edfica. Tamb\u00e9 promouen la creaci\u00f3 de Zones de Reserva Camperola (ZRC)<\/a>, figura d’ordenament territorial per formalitzar el tema de la tinen\u00e7a del territori.<\/p>\n

Incursi\u00f3 paramilitar<\/strong><\/p>\n

La situaci\u00f3 recorda a la de fa dues d\u00e8cades, amb l’arremesa paramilitar de 1999, que es va donar a tot el pa\u00eds i que va afectar durament a Catatumbo. Les accions i massacres de les Autodefenses Unides de Col\u00f2mbia (AUC)<\/a> en contra de la poblaci\u00f3 civil, a la qual acusaven de col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 amb la guerrilla, van derivar en un despla\u00e7ament intern a la regi\u00f3 cap a la frontera vene\u00e7olana, fins i tot traspassant-la<\/strong>. \u201cEls paramilitars no venien a combatre la coca i les guerrilles, sin\u00f3 a despullar a les comunitats del territori per explotar els recursos naturals\u201d, aclareix P\u00e9rez.<\/p>\n

Els seus habitants encara recorden la massacre de La Gabarra<\/a>, que va causar la mort de 50 persones, 200 desaparegudes i m\u00e9s de 50 fam\u00edlies despla\u00e7ades. Arran d’aquestes accions, camperols i camperoles van haver de fugir cap a territoris delimitats pels resguards ind\u00edgenes Bar\u00ed, habitants ancestrals de la zona i als qui pertany l’autoria del nom de la regi\u00f3. En llengua Bar\u00ed, Catatumbo significa Casa del Tro per ser la zona de major concentraci\u00f3 de rajos al m\u00f3n. Aquest poble ind\u00edgena va sofrir des dels primers anys del segle XX l’extermini del 70% de la seva poblaci\u00f3<\/a> i la p\u00e8rdua de gran part del seu territori, com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de les activitats de les empreses petrolieres. A partir de la Constituci\u00f3 de 1991, l’Estat va delimitar dos resguards ind\u00edgenes de 122.200 hect\u00e0rees.<\/p>\n

\u201cLa persecuci\u00f3 no solament anava dirigida a la poblaci\u00f3 civil que habitava la regi\u00f3, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 a les quals treball\u00e0vem a favor dels drets camperols\u201d, afirma Mar\u00eda Carvajal, lideresa camperola d’ASCAMCAT de la regi\u00f3 fronterera. \u201cLes nul\u00b7les accions del Govern han desencadenat un conflicte territorial entre la pagesia i poble Bar\u00ed que, a dia d’avui, encara segueix obert\u201d. Mentrestant, a nivell medi\u00e0tic l’enfocament recau en la crisi humanit\u00e0ria de Vene\u00e7uela i en la possible intervenci\u00f3 militar, invisibilitzant les causes reals del conflicte, les din\u00e0miques de la regi\u00f3 i oblidant a totes aquelles persones que segueixen vivint en un conflicte que no desapareix<\/strong> malgrat la signatura d’un acord de pau.<\/p>\n

\"Catatumbo\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Publicat originalment en el diari P\u00fablico el 5\/11\/2018. Carb\u00f3, petroli, biodiversitat, aigua, frontera vene\u00e7olana, dos resguards ind\u00edgenes, tres moviments camperols, dues guerrilles en actiu, grups paramilitars i el segon municipi amb m\u00e9s hect\u00e0rees conreades de fulla de coca del pa\u00eds. Aix\u00ed \u00e9s el Catatumbo, una regi\u00f3 d’onze municipis pertanyent al departament de Nord de Santander. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2445,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,41],"tags":[115,33,120,121,32,124,125,140,53,56,113],"class_list":["post-2458","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticias","category-noticies","tag-acuerdos-ca","tag-acuerdos","tag-ascamcat-ca","tag-catatumbo-ca","tag-coccam","tag-coccam-ca","tag-cultivos-coca-ca","tag-defensores-ddhh-ca","tag-defensores-ddhh","tag-zrc","tag-zrc-ca"],"yoast_head":"\nLa Casa del Tro - IAP | International Action For Peace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/la-casa-del-tro\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La Casa del Tro - IAP | International Action For Peace\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Publicat originalment en el diari P\u00fablico el 5\/11\/2018. Carb\u00f3, petroli, biodiversitat, aigua, frontera vene\u00e7olana, dos resguards ind\u00edgenes, tres moviments camperols, dues guerrilles en actiu, grups paramilitars i el segon municipi amb m\u00e9s hect\u00e0rees conreades de fulla de coca del pa\u00eds. Aix\u00ed \u00e9s el Catatumbo, una regi\u00f3 d’onze municipis pertanyent al departament de Nord de Santander. 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