{"id":2563,"date":"2019-01-03T11:15:26","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T11:15:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/?p=2563"},"modified":"2019-01-03T11:18:11","modified_gmt":"2019-01-03T11:18:11","slug":"narcotrafic-a-colombia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/","title":{"rendered":"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Publicat originalment en el Diari P\u00fablic el 02-12-2018.<\/a><\/p>\n

Es compleixen 25 anys de la mort de Pablo Escobar, un dels narcotraficants m\u00e9s coneguts a nivell mundial. Va marcar la hist\u00f2ria de Col\u00f2mbia de finals del segle XX, exportant la idea \u00fanica de pa\u00eds productor de coca\u00efna, malgrat ser un territori ric en diversitat cultural i recursos naturals.<\/p>\n

“Pablo Escobar va transformar la hist\u00f2ria del nostre pa\u00eds”, declara Gustavo Duncan, expert en narcotr\u00e0fic i poder pol\u00edtic. “Va representar una figura que va mobilitzar a joves urbans, va ser capa\u00e7 de canalitzar les frustracions socials com a justificaci\u00f3 del purament delinq\u00fcencial i va legitimar el narcotr\u00e0fic entre molts sectors exclosos, desafiant a l’Estat”, matisa el tamb\u00e9 autor del llibre M\u00e1s que Plata o Plomo<\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, Escobar no va ser ni promotor del negoci, ni amb la seva mort va desapar\u00e8ixer. “Podria dir-se que a Col\u00f2mbia ha estat una activitat recurrent durant els \u00faltims cinquanta anys”, destaca Alberto Salcedo, periodista i cronista colombi\u00e0. “La droga ha estat el combustible de la nostra guerra interna perqu\u00e8 els d\u00f3na for\u00e7a econ\u00f2mica als grups armats, i aix\u00f2 despr\u00e9s es tradueix en compra d’armes i ampliaci\u00f3 dels seus ex\u00e8rcits”.<\/p>\n

Segons l’\u00faltim informe de l’Oficina de les Nacions Unides contra la droga i el delicte (UNODC)<\/p>\n

Monitoreo de territoris afectats per cultius il\u00b7l\u00edcits<\/i><\/a>,\u00a0<\/strong>en 2017 la quantitat de fulla de coca conreada al pa\u00eds ascendia a 171.000 ha, un 17% m\u00e9s pel que fa a l’any anterior<\/strong>. El mateix document recalca que la quantitat de cultiu ha crescut en una mitjana anual d’un 45% des de 2013.<\/p>\n

Una de les raons que expliquen aquest augment recau en l’ocupaci\u00f3 dels territoris controlats per la guerrilla Forces Armades Revolucion\u00e0ries de Col\u00f2mbia – Ex\u00e8rcit del Poble (FARC-EP), per part d’altres grups criminals, paramilitars i dissid\u00e8ncies. “L’ideal hagu\u00e9s estat que l’Estat ocup\u00e9s aquestes regions<\/strong>“, afirma Farid Benavides, ex viceministre de Pol\u00edtica Criminal i Just\u00edcia Restaurativa a Col\u00f2mbia durant 2012-2013 i professor de relacions internacionals a Barcelona.<\/p>\n

Aquesta invisibilitat de l’Estat i de les seves infraestructures<\/strong> comporta que la pagesia continu\u00ef conreant la coca, ja que aquest tipus d’economia permet tenir uns ingressos en regions on els costos del transport s\u00f3n alts, no hi ha vies adequades ni instal\u00b7lacions per a l’emmagatzematge, falten cadenes de comercialitzaci\u00f3 i l’acc\u00e9s al cr\u00e8dit \u00e9s dif\u00edcil.<\/p>\n

“El primer que cal dir \u00e9s que una cosa \u00e9s el negoci del narcotr\u00e0fic i, una altra molt diferent, els petits conreadors de la fulla de coca que ho fan per pura necessitat, entesa des de la visi\u00f3 de l’aband\u00f3 estatal cap al camp colombi\u00e0 que porta a un desconeixement de la pobresa i una deixadesa en mat\u00e8ria de salut, educaci\u00f3, habitatge i treball digne”, manifesta Olga Quintero, lideresa camperola colombiana.<\/p>\n

L’informe de la Fundaci\u00f3 Idees per a la Pau (FIP) i la UNODC Qui s\u00f3n les fam\u00edlies que viuen a les zones amb cultius de coca?<\/a><\/i>,\u00a0estableix que “al contrari de la idea que participar en l’economia de la coca \u00e9s rendible per a les fam\u00edlies camperoles, la veritat \u00e9s que tenen molt baixa qualitat de vida i nivell de desenvolupament”. I aclareix que l’ingr\u00e9s mensual net per la coca equival a un 56% del salari m\u00ednim.<\/strong><\/p>\n

El quart punt de l’acord de pau signat al novembre de 2016\u00a0<\/a>entre les FARC-EP i el govern colombi\u00e0, fa refer\u00e8ncia a la soluci\u00f3 al problema de les drogues il\u00b7l\u00edcites, a trav\u00e9s del Programa Nacional Integral de Substituci\u00f3 de Cultius d’\u00das Il\u00b7l\u00edcit (PNIS), que no solament estableix una substituci\u00f3 amb garanties, sin\u00f3 la millora d’infraestructures per poder conrear altres productes i tenir una economia rendible.<\/p>\n

“La pagesia ha tingut i t\u00e9 la voluntat de substituir els cultius d’\u00fas il\u00b7l\u00edcit<\/strong> i d’aix\u00f2 poden donar fe les 140.000 fam\u00edlies inscrites al PNIS. No obstant aix\u00f2, el Govern ha insistit en no complir amb aquest punt”, constata Quintero.<\/p>\n

Actualment, el proc\u00e9s est\u00e0 estancat i les fam\u00edlies cocaleres han denunciat que “la For\u00e7a P\u00fablica est\u00e0 intervenint amb eradicaci\u00f3 for\u00e7ada en zones de substituci\u00f3 de cultius de coca, en algunes de manera obligat\u00f2ria i sense previ av\u00eds”, publica FIP en el seu informe Els primers 100 dies del president Iv\u00e1n Duque<\/a><\/i>. “Quan una escolta en boca del Govern que cal eradicar, una paraula que ja de per si mateix \u00e9s violenta, aix\u00f2 indica for\u00e7a i imposici\u00f3, \u00e9s a dir, no escoltar a la pagesia per veure que necessita i tenir en compte les seves propostes”, aclareix la lideressa.<\/p>\n

El punt quatre tamb\u00e9 estableix la soluci\u00f3 al fenomen de producci\u00f3 i comercialitzaci\u00f3 del narcotr\u00e0fic. “Les baules m\u00e9s baixes de la cadena s\u00f3n els raspachines \u2014els qui recullen la fulla\u2014 i els camperols que tenen el cultiu, capturar-los a ells no t\u00e9 sentit perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s una recerca sense cap fonament, ja que la major quantitat de diners no est\u00e0 aqu\u00ed”, afirma l’ex viceministre.<\/p>\n

Quintero parla d’una persecuci\u00f3 contra la poblaci\u00f3 que dep\u00e8n econ\u00f2micament d’aquests cultius: “a pesar que s’ha manifestat una voluntat de substituir, se succeeixen constants detencions en les comunitats. \u00c9s una persecuci\u00f3 intencionada”.<\/p>\n

Per vetllar per l’execuci\u00f3 d’aquest punt, el moviment camperol va crear al gener de 2017 la Coordinadora Nacional de Cultivadores de Hoja de Coca, Amapola y Marihuana<\/a> (COCCAM) que promou a les regions la substituci\u00f3 volunt\u00e0ria i el compliment del PNIS. Les amenaces i els assassinats als qui fan part d’aquest proc\u00e9s, s’ha convertit en el pa de cada dia de les regions cocaleras. Hi ha poc inter\u00e8s a substituir per part de les persones que s’enriqueixen d’aquest negoci.<\/p>\n

De pa\u00eds exportador a pa\u00eds consumidor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Una altra de les raons que explicaria l’increment dels cultius de fulla de coca \u00e9s l’augment del consum dins del pa\u00eds. “Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia del canvi del mercat”, explica Benavides. “Des de la desaparici\u00f3 dels cartells de Medell\u00edn i Cali, els mexicans van entrar al territori per controlar les rutes del narcotr\u00e0fic, la qual cosa va suposar un encariment de les despeses i, per tant, el guany \u00e9s major si el consum \u00e9s intern”.<\/p>\n

En els acords de pau, tamb\u00e9 es proposen programes de prevenci\u00f3 del consum per tractar el tema des de la salut p\u00fablica \u2014suport psicosocial, sensibilitzaci\u00f3 a la comunitat per prevenir l’estigmatitzaci\u00f3 dels consumidors\u2014. No obstant aix\u00f2, el decret que acaba de signar el president Iv\u00e1n Duque para sancionar als portadors de subst\u00e0ncies psicoactives comporta una forta pol\u00e8mica<\/a>, doncs penalitza indirectament el consum que des de la Constituci\u00f3 de 1991 \u00e9s legal, ja que afavoreix el principi de desenvolupament de la personalitat, que \u00e9s un dret fonamental.<\/p>\n

L’evoluci\u00f3 del narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Com Col\u00f2mbia es va convertir en un dels principals pa\u00efsos narcotraficants t\u00e9 moltes respostes. Una d’elles va ser la guerra contra les drogues declarada per l’ex president nord-americ\u00e0 Richard Nixon en els anys 70 que, mitjan\u00e7ant un paquet de mesures per lluitar contra les drogues psicoactivas, va proporcionar ajuda militar als pa\u00efsos productors i exportadors.<\/p>\n

“La guerra contra les drogues va desencadenar una s\u00e8rie d’esdeveniments que, a la volta d’alguns anys, van portar a la consolidaci\u00f3 de Col\u00f2mbia com el principal exportador de coca\u00efna a Estats Units. En 1971 va comen\u00e7ar a escriure’s la hist\u00f2ria contempor\u00e0nia de Col\u00f2mbia. O, millor, a tor\u00e7ar-se, de manera lenta, per\u00f2 definitiva, la destinaci\u00f3 del nostre pa\u00eds”, escriuen Alejandro Gaviria i Daniel Mej\u00eda en el llibre Pol\u00edtiques Antidroga a Col\u00f2mbia: \u00e8xits, fracassos i extraviaments.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9s endavant, el poder del narcotr\u00e0fic recauria en els grans cartells. Amb la mort de Pablo Escobar el cartell de Medell\u00edn va caure i, encara que s’esperava que el de Cali s’incorpor\u00e9s silenciosament a la societat, el finan\u00e7ament que va fer a la campanya de l’ex president Samper\u2014Proc\u00e9s 8000<\/a>, primer cas fort contra corrupci\u00f3 i narcotr\u00e0fic que va haver-hi a Col\u00f2mbia\u2014 va portar a la pressi\u00f3 per part d’Estats Units a detenir als seus capitosts. La captura del cartell de Cali va produir la fragmentaci\u00f3 del moviment en ‘baby cartells’ que a m\u00e9s de ser liderats pels fills dels narcotraficants, eren m\u00e9s petits. Aquesta fragmentaci\u00f3 va produir m\u00e9s viol\u00e8ncia a les ciutats, ja que hi havia m\u00e9s grups que es disputaven el poder del territori: paramilitars, criminals i guerrilles.<\/p>\n

La negociaci\u00f3 amb els paramilitars de les Autodefenses Unides de Col\u00f2mbia (AUC), que va acabar en 2006, va fer que un actor regulador sort\u00eds del territori i fos remplazado per les noves bandes paramilitars o criminals (Bacrim<\/a>) i l’entrada de cartells mexicans com Els Zetes. “Aquests nous grups es caracteritzen per competir amb l’Estat, o a compartir amb ell, la governabilitat de la zona”, destaca el professor.<\/p>\n

Quant al paper de la participaci\u00f3 de les guerrilles en el negoci de la coca, “ha estat m\u00e9s vinculat al cobrament d’impostos per la cura de cultius, no era un cartell en el sentit que no tenia un mercat \u2014encara que no es descarta que tinguin els seus propis laboratoris\u2014”, destaca Benavides. En el cas concret de les FARC-EP, “encara que s\u00ed va haver-hi una connexi\u00f3 entre la guerrilla i el narcotr\u00e0fic, despr\u00e9s de la signatura de l’acord de pau el problema segueix vigent. De fet, ara hi ha m\u00e9s grups armats”.<\/p>\n

La tend\u00e8ncia segueix sent cap a la fragmentaci\u00f3 i la creaci\u00f3 de nous grups criminals. I els qui queden enmig d’aquesta dualitat entre delicte i impunitat, riquesa i pobresa, s\u00f3n les comunitats cocaleras, que sofreixen no solament una guerra provocada per l’aband\u00f3 estatal, sin\u00f3 una persecuci\u00f3 dels seus l\u00edders i lideresas que defensen el dret a substituir la “mata que mata”.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Publicat originalment en el Diari P\u00fablic el 02-12-2018. Es compleixen 25 anys de la mort de Pablo Escobar, un dels narcotraficants m\u00e9s coneguts a nivell mundial. Va marcar la hist\u00f2ria de Col\u00f2mbia de finals del segle XX, exportant la idea \u00fanica de pa\u00eds productor de coca\u00efna, malgrat ser un territori ric en diversitat cultural i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2640,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies"],"yoast_head":"\nNarcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia - IAP | International Action For Peace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia - IAP | International Action For Peace\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Publicat originalment en el Diari P\u00fablic el 02-12-2018. Es compleixen 25 anys de la mort de Pablo Escobar, un dels narcotraficants m\u00e9s coneguts a nivell mundial. Va marcar la hist\u00f2ria de Col\u00f2mbia de finals del segle XX, exportant la idea \u00fanica de pa\u00eds productor de coca\u00efna, malgrat ser un territori ric en diversitat cultural i […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IAP | International Action For Peace\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IapActionpeace\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-03T11:15:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-01-03T11:18:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1152\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"IAP\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@iap_actionpeace\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@iap_actionpeace\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrit per\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"IAP\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Temps estimat de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minuts\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"IAP\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c9276803c3a6fcb1dfd228ee707badd2\"},\"headline\":\"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-03T11:15:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-01-03T11:18:11+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1670,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/01\\\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Not\u00edcies\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ca\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/\",\"name\":\"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia - IAP | International Action For Peace\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/01\\\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-03T11:15:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-01-03T11:18:11+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ca\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ca\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/01\\\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/01\\\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg\",\"width\":2048,\"height\":1152},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Inici\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/\",\"name\":\"IAP | International Action For Peace\",\"description\":\"IAP\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ca\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Action Peace\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ca\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/logo-international-action-for-peace.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/logo-international-action-for-peace.png\",\"width\":650,\"height\":157,\"caption\":\"Action Peace\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/IapActionpeace\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/iap_actionpeace\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/iap_actionpeace\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCk0Mst1cXUwqnpTjtjNYy3w\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c9276803c3a6fcb1dfd228ee707badd2\",\"name\":\"IAP\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\\\/ca\\\/author\\\/iap\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia - IAP | International Action For Peace","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/","og_locale":"ca_ES","og_type":"article","og_title":"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia - IAP | International Action For Peace","og_description":"Publicat originalment en el Diari P\u00fablic el 02-12-2018. Es compleixen 25 anys de la mort de Pablo Escobar, un dels narcotraficants m\u00e9s coneguts a nivell mundial. Va marcar la hist\u00f2ria de Col\u00f2mbia de finals del segle XX, exportant la idea \u00fanica de pa\u00eds productor de coca\u00efna, malgrat ser un territori ric en diversitat cultural i […]","og_url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/","og_site_name":"IAP | International Action For Peace","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IapActionpeace","article_published_time":"2019-01-03T11:15:26+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-01-03T11:18:11+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2048,"height":1152,"url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"IAP","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@iap_actionpeace","twitter_site":"@iap_actionpeace","twitter_misc":{"Escrit per":"IAP","Temps estimat de lectura":"8 minuts"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/"},"author":{"name":"IAP","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#\/schema\/person\/c9276803c3a6fcb1dfd228ee707badd2"},"headline":"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia","datePublished":"2019-01-03T11:15:26+00:00","dateModified":"2019-01-03T11:18:11+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/"},"wordCount":1670,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg","articleSection":["Not\u00edcies"],"inLanguage":"ca","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/","url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/","name":"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia - IAP | International Action For Peace","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg","datePublished":"2019-01-03T11:15:26+00:00","dateModified":"2019-01-03T11:18:11+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ca","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ca","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/IMG_20171014_172950213.jpg","width":2048,"height":1152},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/narcotrafic-a-colombia\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Inici","item":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Narcotr\u00e0fic a Col\u00f2mbia"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#website","url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/","name":"IAP | International Action For Peace","description":"IAP","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ca"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#organization","name":"Action Peace","url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ca","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/logo-international-action-for-peace.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/logo-international-action-for-peace.png","width":650,"height":157,"caption":"Action Peace"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IapActionpeace","https:\/\/x.com\/iap_actionpeace","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/iap_actionpeace\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCk0Mst1cXUwqnpTjtjNYy3w"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/#\/schema\/person\/c9276803c3a6fcb1dfd228ee707badd2","name":"IAP","url":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/author\/iap\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2563"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2563\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2644,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2563\/revisions\/2644"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2563"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2563"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}