{"id":4492,"date":"2020-05-08T10:10:29","date_gmt":"2020-05-08T10:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/?p=4492"},"modified":"2020-05-08T10:16:26","modified_gmt":"2020-05-08T10:16:26","slug":"or-per-a-qui-i-per-a-que","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/ca\/or-per-a-qui-i-per-a-que\/","title":{"rendered":"Or, per a qui i per a qu\u00e8?"},"content":{"rendered":"

La multinacional amb t\u00edtol en el territori imposa les seves condicions als miners artesanals, els qui engrosseixen els seus beneficis o enfronten la repressi\u00f3 i la despulla.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria, la humanitat s’ha relacionat de diferents formes amb la terra i amb els minerals que es troben en el seu interior. A vegades, sobre la base de la subsist\u00e8ncia de les comunitats que l’habiten; unes altres sobre la base del lucre a gran escala, ja sigui mitjan\u00e7ant\u00a0 l’esclavitud en \u00e8poca hispana o del treball formal i informal en l’actualitat.<\/p>\n

En el nord-est\u00a0antioqueny, amb un subs\u00f2l replet d’or, coexisteixen diferents formes d’extracci\u00f3 que es relacionen i\u00a0conflictuen\u00a0entre si, i que comporten a diferents models de desenvolupament.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Per un costat, tenim el Pla de Desenvolupament de la Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle del R\u00edo Cimitarra<\/em>[1]<\/a> com a proposta territorial de les comunitats camperoles i mineres articulades al voltant de la ACVC-RAN, fruit del recorregut de defensa i reivindicaci\u00f3 dels seus drets. Aquest Pla, compr\u00e8n la mineria aur\u00edfera com un espai econ\u00f2mic de subsist\u00e8ncia per als sectors populars, els qui han estat hist\u00f2ricament afectats per la din\u00e0mica de despla\u00e7ament intern del pa\u00eds[2]<\/a> i, tamb\u00e9, per les pol\u00edtiques neoliberals que destrueixen l’agricultura pagesa i no generen desenvolupament per a les comunitats. A m\u00e9s, aquest pla maneja el concepte de mineria artesanal sustentable.<\/p>\n

Des de les institucions de l’Estat es classifica la mineria segons el seu grau de \u201clegalitat\u201d, en funci\u00f3 de si els miners compten amb un t\u00edtol per a realitzar l’extracci\u00f3 o no. En aquest sentit, s’ent\u00e9n com a \u201cmineria de fet\u201d a aquella que es realitza sense t\u00edtol i, dins d’ella, la \u201cmineria tradicional\u201d com aquella que s’ha realitzat durant cinc anys consecutius i des de, almenys, deu anys abans de la Llei 1382 de 2010[3]<\/a>, que regula l’activitat minera. Igualment, donada la clandestinitat en la qual moltes vegades es realitza, \u00e9s molt complex per als miners poder demostrar aquests requisits[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Per un altre costat, tenim el Pla Nacional de Desenvolupament[5]<\/a>, que inclou entre els seus objectius \u201cl\u2019aprofitament de mercats internacionals i atracci\u00f3 d’inversions productives\u201d i que inclou estrat\u00e8gies \u201cd\u2019aprofitament del s\u00f2l\u201d i de \u201cdisminuci\u00f3 de la c\u00e0rrega reguladora que afecti el desenvolupament de la iniciativa privada\u201d. Aquest model estableix les bases perqu\u00e8 la multinacional Gran Col\u00f2mbia Gold<\/em> sigui posse\u00efdora d’un Reconeixement de Propietat Privada, que li permet extreure or a perpetu\u00eftat en els municipis de Seg\u00f2via i Remedios, i imposar les seves condicions als miners.<\/p>\n

El Codi de Mines de 2001[6]<\/a> ja aclareix que \u201cels minerals de qualsevol classe i ubicaci\u00f3, jacents en el s\u00f2l o el subs\u00f2l, en qualsevol estat f\u00edsic natural, s\u00f3n de l’exclusiva propietat de l’Estat\u201d i pressuposa la \u201cutilitat p\u00fablica i inter\u00e8s social\u201d de la ind\u00fastria minera. Segons dades del\u00a0DANE\u00a0(2018)[7]<\/a> el municipi de Seg\u00f2via t\u00e9 una mesura de pobresa multidimensional (que avalua la satisfacci\u00f3 de necessitats vitals com a salut, educaci\u00f3, ocupaci\u00f3 i habitatge, entre altres) del 67,1%, estant en l\u2019\u00e0mbit nacional en 19.6%, segons c\u00e0lculs del mateix any[8]<\/a>. Les dades ens fan entrar en contradicci\u00f3 amb el concepte \u201cd\u2019inter\u00e8s social\u201d manejat des d’aquest model de desenvolupament.<\/p>\n

D’aquesta manera, apreciem en el nord-est\u00a0antioqueny\u00a0un proc\u00e9s \u201cd\u2019acumulaci\u00f3 per\u00a0despossessi\u00f3\u201d[9]<\/a>, de manera que s\u2019expropia\u00a0als qui van ser hist\u00f2ricament productors directes, no deixant-los una altra opci\u00f3 que treballar pel benefici de Gran Col\u00f2mbia Gold<\/em> o mantenir-se en la informalitat. Aix\u00ed, els miners artesanals han de signar un contracte d’associaci\u00f3, des d’una posici\u00f3 totalment asim\u00e8trica de poder per a negociar, que inclou entre les seves condicions l’obligaci\u00f3 d’utilitzar les plantes de processament de l’empresa, despr\u00e9s de la qual cosa els miners reben una paga, segons la qualitat o llei del material establerta pels seus propis laboratoris, perdent d’aquesta manera m\u00e9s de la meitat del benefici[10]<\/a>. Han estat nombrosos els paros<\/em> miners [11]<\/a> \u00a0com a resposta de disconformitat, enfront d’aquesta extracci\u00f3 de plusv\u00e0lua per part de la\u00a0multinacional.<\/p>\n

D’altra banda, la conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de mantenir-se en la informalitat \u00e9s la repressi\u00f3 directa a trav\u00e9s d’operatius militars[12]<\/a>. A m\u00e9s, en la din\u00e0mica del conflicte se suma l’estigmatitzaci\u00f3 dels miners, vinculant-los amb grups armats il\u00b7legals.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Un altre argument que busca legitimar aquesta repressi\u00f3 cap a la petita mineria \u00e9s el de la contaminaci\u00f3 ambiental, que es produeix amb l’extracci\u00f3. Enfront d’aix\u00f2, cal afegir que les comunitats organitzades a trav\u00e9s de la\u00a0ACVC-RAN\u00a0han demostrat en nombroses ocasions la seva capacitat per a planificar el territori sobre la base de par\u00e0metres de sostenibilitat ambiental, com demostren les seves dues caracteritzacions biol\u00f2giques realitzades a la Zona de Reserva Campesina<\/em>[13]<\/sup><\/a>, \u00a0el seu acord entorn de la \u201cl\u00ednia groga\u201d i tota la proposta contemplada en el seu Pla de Desenvolupament.<\/p>\n

El discurs de \u201cdesenvolupament sostenible\u201d des de la l\u00f2gica liberal, que tendeix a col\u00b7locar la culpa de la crisi ecol\u00f2gica en els pobres, contrasta amb l’impacte de les grans explotacions mineres del pa\u00eds, com \u00e9s el cas paradigm\u00e0tic del Cerrej\u00f3n[14]<\/a> \u00a0a La\u00a0Guajira. D’aquesta forma, assistim a una doble moral que tanca la contradicci\u00f3 d’interessos sobre el territori i que es tradueix en la vulneraci\u00f3 sistem\u00e0tica dels drets de les comunitats.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Pla de Desenvolupament Sostenible ZRC-VRC 2012-2022<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> El tiempo (2018): \u201cColombia volvi\u00f3 a ser el pa\u00eds con m\u00e1s desplazados internos\u201d https:\/\/www.eltiempo.com\/justicia\/conflicto-y-narcotrafico\/colombia-volvio-ser-el-pais-con-mas-desplazados-internos-en-el-mundo-segun-la-acnur-232658<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/www.secretariasenado.gov.co\/senado\/basedoc\/ley_1382_2010.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo (2010): La miner\u00eda de hecho en Colombia http:\/\/www.defensoria.org.co\/red\/anexos\/publicaciones\/mineriaColombia.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2018-2022 https:\/\/id.presidencia.gov.co\/especiales\/190523-PlanNacionalDesarrollo\/documentos\/BasesPND2018-2022.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.minambiente.gov.co\/images\/normativa\/leyes\/2001\/ley_0685_2001.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/dane.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/opsdashboard\/index.html#\/cbcedc7094524f4191eb82ba44e4f4d2<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/files\/investigaciones\/condiciones_vida\/pobreza\/2018\/bt_pobreza_multidimensional_18.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Vega Cantor (2012): Colombia, un ejemplo contempor\u00e1neo de acumulaci\u00f3n por desposesi\u00f3n http:\/\/revista-theomai.unq.edu.ar\/NUMERO%2026\/Vega%20Cantor%20-%20Colombia.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Verdad abierta (2017): El problema ancestral de la miner\u00eda segoviana https:\/\/verdadabierta.com\/el-problema-ancestral-de-la-mineria-segoviana\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Colombia Informa (2017): \u201cContin\u00faa el paro minero en el nordeste antioque\u00f1o a pesar del esmad\u201d http:\/\/www.colombiainforma.info\/continua-el-paro-minero-en-el-nordeste-antioqueno-a-pesar-del-esmad\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Prensa rural (2017): \u201cContin\u00faa represi\u00f3n contra comunidades mineras del nordeste antioque\u00f1o\u201d https:\/\/www.prensarural.org\/spip\/spip.php?article21123<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> IAP (2019): \u201cMovimiento campesino conserva la biodiversidad\u201d https:\/\/vigorous-einstein.82-165-3-172.plesk.page\/movimiento-campesino-conserva-la-biodiversidad\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Liga contra el silencio (2019): \u201cla oscura nube del Cerrej\u00f3n en La Guajira\u201d https:\/\/ligacontraelsilencio.com\/2019\/08\/01\/la-oscura-nube-del-cerrejon-en-la-guajira-2\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La multinacional amb t\u00edtol en el territori imposa les seves condicions als miners artesanals, els qui engrosseixen els seus beneficis o enfronten la repressi\u00f3 i la despulla. Al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria, la humanitat s’ha relacionat de diferents formes amb la terra i amb els minerals que es troben en el seu interior. A vegades, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4480,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[331,320,316,315,317,318,319],"class_list":["post-4492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies","tag-colombia-ca-2","tag-colombia-ca","tag-nord-est-antioqueny","tag-or","tag-recursos-naturals","tag-terra","tag-territori"],"yoast_head":"\nOr, per a qui i per a qu\u00e8? - IAP | International Action For Peace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En el nord-est\u00a0antioqueny, amb un subs\u00f2l replet d'or, coexisteixen diferents formes d'extracci\u00f3 que es relacionen i\u00a0conflictuen\u00a0entre si, i que comporten a diferents models de desenvolupament.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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